Monday, November 4, 2013

"Unité, Indivisibilité de la République, Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité ou la mort" got one of his wishes

"Unity, indivisibility of the Republic, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity or Death"




"The Paradoxical Commandments
People are illogical, unreasonable, and self-centered.
Love them anyway.
If you do good, people will accuse you of selfish ulterior motives.
Do good anyway.
If you are successful, you will win false friends and true enemies.
Succeed anyway.
The good you do today will be forgotten tomorrow.
Do good anyway.

Honesty and frankness make you vulnerable.
Be honest and frank anyway.
The biggest men and women with the biggest ideas can be shot down by the smallest men and women with the smallest minds
Think big anyway.
People favor underdogs but follow only top dogs.
Fight for a few underdogs anyway.
What you spend years building may be destroyed overnight.
Build anyway.
People really need help but may attack you if you do help them.
Help people anyway.
Give the world the best you have and you'll get kicked in the teeth.
Give the world the best you have anyway."
-  Kent M. Keith, The Silent Revolution:
thnxtomandkentkos





"A sundance woman is like the morning star, filled with spiritual beauty, wisdom and knowledge. Men and women are the most powerful of the polarities. We walk beside men as equal partners. It takes men and women who have respect and love for one another to live within the embrace of Father Sky and Mother Earth."
-- Dr. Henrietta Mann, SOUTHERN CHEYENNE



File:Rossberg Switzerland.jpg
"The honor of the people lies in the moccasin tracks of the woman. Walk the good road.... Be dutiful, respectful, gentle, and modest my daughter... Be strong with the warm, strong heart of the earth. No people goes down until their women are weak and dishonored, or dead upon the ground. Be strong and sing the strength of the Great Powers within you, all around you." -- Village Wise Man, SIOUX


The Rossenberg is a mountain, located on the border between the Swiss  Zug and Schwyz. Reaching a height of 1,580 metres above sea level, it is the highest summit in the canton of Zug.









s0







2minews


dn

My Warning Of "Patriot" Violence And/Or Government False Flags 


 tzm



  greeks wake-up


pnn#38







Kerry holds urgent talks as US-Saudi rift deepens over Middle East policy

Secretary of state on charm offensive amid criticism from Riyadh that the US is not providing sufficient help to Syrian rebels

Another Murderous American Drone Strike
By Peter Koenig
Washington has not only become the capital of a failed state - but the capital of a willing killing machine.
Malala and Nabila: Worlds Apart
By Murtaza Hussain
Unlike Malala Yousafzai, Nabila Rehman did not receive a welcoming greeting in Washington DC.
Israel Buys the US Congress
Sabotaging the US-Iran Peace Negotiations
By James Petras
Over  past decades Israel 's agents have bought the loyalties of the vast majority of Congress people, training them to recognize and obey the whistles, signals and script from the war mongers in Tel Aviv.
It's Time For Washington To Tell Saudi Arabia To Pound Sand
By Doug Bandow
If the only way to get Riyadh to buy U.S. weapons is to encourage tyranny and start wars, Washington should say no thanks.
No More Arms to Iraq, Obama
By Haifa Zangana
The Maliki regime blames all terrorist acts (frequent car explosions, often in markets, cafes and mosques) on al-Qaida, selectively choosing not to mention the regime's own militias.
The Consequences of US Decline
By Immanuel Wallerstein
America's gradual loss of global influence may trigger a chaotic, multipolar power struggle.
Ben Franklin Was Right About The NSA
By Eric Margolis
Senator Frank Church warned: " If this government ever became a tyrant, - the technological capacity that the intelligence community has given the government could enable it to impose total tyranny, and there would be no way to fight back.
Meet the "Dark Mail Alliance"
Planning to Keep the NSA Out of Your Inbox
By Ryan Gallagher
Email might be on the verge of a radical makeover. And the NSA is not going to like it.
The Bank Guarantee that Bankrupted Ireland
By Ellen Hodgson Brown
Five years of austerity has not restored confidence in Ireland's banks. In fact the banks themselves are packing up and leaving.
The Entire Fiat Money System is Bankrupt:
Demise of the Global US Fiat Dollar Reserve Currency
By Matthias Chang
The fiat money system has but one outcome - total collapse. It will also mean the demise of the global US dollar reserve currency.
How the 1 Percent Always Gets Its Way
By David Sirota
Here's why plutocrats control our politics: Corporate America knows both parties are up for sale.
America's Greatest Shame
Child Poverty Rises and Food Stamps Cut While Billionaires Boom
By Les Leopold
There are 16.4 million American children living in poverty. That's nearly one quarter (22.6%) of all of our children. Why do we put up with such injustices?
Species Extinction
Climate Change Seen Posing Risk to Food Supplies
By JUSTIN GILLIS
The scientists describe a natural world in turmoil as plants and animals colonize new areas to escape rising temperatures, and warn that many could become extinct.
8 Reasons Straight Men Don't Want To Get Married
By Helen Smith
I talked with men all over America about why they're avoiding marriage.

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New Must-See Videos





'Arctic 30' Face 7 Years In Prison For Targeting Russian Gas Drilling


Learn from that all that i observe, listen to all follow none, beware grift and greed....leadership lessons, cyw

US Supreme Court Won't Weigh in on the Oklahoma Law That Could Ban All Abortion Drugs


Posted: 03 Nov 2013 09:57 AM PST
3 November 2013

power_lines_00001

 - In traditional medicine, the human energy system (HES) serves as a functional bridge between body and mind, and energy is the therapeutic medium that heal and balances both physical disease and mental malaise. Today, the HES has come under intensive attack from an entirely new phenomenon which the human system has never before had to face.

This new threat to human health and longevity is the rapidly growing hazard of electromagnetic “energy pollution.” Since the industrial revolution and the subsequent electronic age, the earth’s electromagnetic energy environment has become intensely polluted with artificial electromagnetic fields (EMF), unnatural radio frequencies, microwave radiation, nuclear radiation, and many other forms of aberrant energy that cause severe deviations and imbalances in the HES.





Lindsey Graham steals a page from Ted Cruz's playbook 

This predictable



 Amnesty International US



 Protect privacy: Demand transparency in NSA surveillance programs


Recent leaks demonstrate how the United States' expansive surveillance program infringes on the right to privacy. Privacy is a human right guaranteed by treaties the United States is party to and affirmed in international standards the country helped develop. However, the government's response for more transparency is for the public to blindly trust that the United States government is working in their best interests.

 

 Tell President Obama and Members of Congress that you believe greater transparency of all surveillance programs is needed to protect the right to privacy.  This group has some weight....and the BEST ethicical-l(eagel) minds....this is amnisty international.





AI uk:


 

Eskinder Nega

Ethiopian journalist, Eskinder Nega, is facing 18 years in prison after writing articles criticising the government.

 

Yorm Bopha

Housing rights activist, Yorm Bopha, has been in prison in Cambodia's capital since last year on baseless, fabricated charges.

 

Jabeur Mejri

Jabeur Mejri is serving seven-and-a-half years in Tunisia for posting pictures of the prophet Mohamed on Facebook.
wonder what he does look like? jesus maybe? perhaps dick cheney after extensive electrolysis...








New peeyou poll out today:  The 100 republican respondents were asked how likely they would vote for the republican ticket come next election?
...............151 said yes.........me kd


avaaz:




Tibetans risk being beaten or shot if they refuse to fly the Chinese flag. But now China needs international support to get elected to the UN Human Rights Council. Let’s build a massive outcry showing the world hasn’t forgotten Tibet. Sign now: 
Tibetans who refuse to fly the Chinese flag above their homes risk being beaten or shot in the latest attempt to break their spirits. But now is the best moment in ages to bring hope to Tibet's proud, but desperate people.

China’s leaders are mounting an intense campaign to draw a veil over their rights abuses and persuade governments to vote them onto the UN Human Rights Council. So if enough of us shine a light on what’s going on in Tibet -- squashing an ancient religion, banning journalists, dawn arrests -- we can get China to back away from its hard-line policy to be sure of getting the 97 votes it needs.

Let’s show the Tibetan people that the world hasn’t forgotten them. China is feeling the heat as 13 governments just called them out on human rights in Tibet. Sign to stand with Tibet, then share this with everyone. When one million have signed we’ll deliver it to crucial UN delegations, and make it massive in the media:

https://secure.avaaz.org/en/stand_with_tibet_loc/?binitdb&v=30812

Pressure on China is mounting. In an unprecedentedly strong show of support, Canada, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Japan, New Zealand, Poland, US, UK, Switzerland, Sweden, Iceland and Austria just called on China to protect freedom of assembly, religion and association in Tibet. This request arrives just days after a Spanish court indicted China's former President for genocide in Tibet!

The situation is really dire. More than 120 people have taken their own lives by setting themselves on fire to protest the suffocation of the Chinese occupation and hundreds of thousands of Tibetans have been wiped out. China's ongoing policies systematically suppress the Tibetan language, force people from their homes, and strictly control the Tibetans' movement and religion.

China’s failed policies hurt China too, but having dug themselves in this deep, they need pressure to change course. This is the week that change can start. If enough of us speak up while China is under the global microscope, we can make sure our governments know we haven’t forgotten Tibet. Sign now and tell everyone -- let's build the biggest petition ever for Tibet and demand they hold China to account:

https://secure.avaaz.org/en/stand_with_tibet_loc/?binitdb&v=30812

Proud Tibetans are struggling against China's brutal rule and long for change, but they can’t do it alone. No one can create changes that big alone.

That’s why we've come together for Tibet before. Let's make this the moment where the whole world commits to the survival of the Tibetan people.

Our community was made for this moment.

With hope,

Ben, Alice, Patricia, Alex, Ricken, Emily, Sayeeda and the whole Avaaz team

SOURCES

UN criticises China's rights record at Geneva meeting (BBC)
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-24611657

Dalai Lama Says China Has Turned Tibet Into a ‘Hell on Earth’ (New York Times)
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/11/world/asia/11tibet.html

Spain probes Hu Jintao 'genocide' in Tibet court case (BBC)
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-24490004

Four Tibetans Shot Dead as Protests Spread in Driru County (Radio Free Asia)
http://www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/shoot-10112013200735.html

China denounces Spanish court's Tibet case against ex-president (Reuters)
http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/10/14/us-china-spain-tibet-idUSBRE99D09120131014 



no surprise here they will take away your grandmother and eat her too!!  If you let them


Rodrigo Canales: The deadly genius of drug cartels



Hard News  
US Kills 25 people in Pakistan:
The head of the Pakistani Taliban was killed by a US drone strike in Pakistan on Friday. "Among the dead, are Hakimullah's personal bodyguard Tariq Mehsud and his driver Abdullah Mehsud, two of his closest people," said one intelligence source, adding at least 25 people were killed in the strike.
Pakistan Taliban secretly bury leader, vow bombs in revenge:
"Every drop of Hakimullah's blood will turn into a suicide bomber," said Azam Tariq, a Pakistani Taliban spokesman.
Khan Said is the new leader of the Taliban:
Pakistan's Taliban has chosen a veteran insurgent with a reputation for brutality as its new leader after a US drone strike killed Hakimullah Mehsud.
Pakistan accuses US of 'scuttling' Taliban talks with drone strike, summons ambassador:
"Brick by brick in the last seven weeks we tried to evolve a process by which we could bring peace to Pakistan and what have you (the US) done?" Pakistan's Interior Minister, Chaudhry Nisar, Ali Khan said. "You have scuttled it"
Pakistan reviews US relationship over Taliban drone kill:
The Pakistani government is holding a high-level meeting to review its ties with the US. The country's top officials were infuriated with the US drone assassination of a Taliban commander, who was about to engage in talks with Islamabad.
President Obama Reportedly Told His Aides That He's 'Really Good At Killing People':
This will not go over well for the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize winner. According to the new book "Double Down," President Barack Obama told his aides that he's "really good at killing people" while discussing drone strikes.
Syria: 45 Christian civilians killed by Islamist militias:
The bodies of thirty Christian civilians have been found in two separate mass graves, including women and children, killed by Islamist militias in the city of Sadad. And, altogether, the Christian civilians killed in a small town halfway between Homs and Damascus are 45.
Car bomb explosion kills 10 near Damascus: -
Ten people were killed and many others wounded on Saturday in a car explosion in the countryside of the Syrian capital of Damascus, the state-run SANA news agency reported.
Video from FSA-Nusra Raid on Ancient Syriac Christian Town of Sadad in Syria :
Video The first scene shows the militants next to the corpses of murdered men wearing plain clothes and carrying no weapons. The cameraman claims they were members of the Shabbiha, a term that the opposition uses to refer to all pro-government Syrians
Rebel mortar shells hit Christian-Druze suburb of Damascus, 2 women killed:
Several mortar shells launched by foreign-backed militants have hit Jaramana, a majority Christian-Druze suburb of the Syrian capital, Damascus.
Syrian army captures strategic town at approaches to Aleppo:
The capture of Safira is significant in that it marks a rare victory for Assad's forces near the mostly rebel-held north. Opposition groups confirmed the army's seizure of the city, southeast of Aleppo.
Israel 'furious' with White House for leak on Syria strike:
Daniel noted that by keeping silent on whether it carried out such attacks, Israel was maintaining plausible deniability, so that Syria's President Bashar Assad did not feel pressured to respond to the attacks.
Cease-fire in Yemen after more than 100 killed:
An official in Yemen says a cease-fire has taken effect between an Islamic Salafi movement and rebels in the country's restive north following three days of fighting that killed more than 100 people.
5 killed in attacks in Iraq:
Gunmen in a car shot dead two members of government-backed Sahwa paramilitary group and wounded two others at their checkpoint west of the city of Samarra, some 120 km north of the Iraqi capital of Baghdad, a local police source told Xinhua.
U.S. to boost military aid to Iraq:
President Obama promises to increase intelligence support and provide new weaponry to Baghdad. The move is a notable shift for his administration.
U.S. Jewish leaders won't campaign publicly for tougher Iran sanctions for 60 days:
The understanding was reached - this week between a group of senior Administration officials and executives and leaders from influential Jewish organizations: AIPAC, the American Jewish Committee, The Anti-Defamation League and the Conference of Presidents of Major Jewish Organizations.
U.S. Congress committee endorses $488 million "aid" increase to Israel:
The U.S. House of Representatives Armed Services Committee has endorsed a $488 million increase in military aid to Israel, which would pay for Israel's procurement and development of additional rocket and missile interception systems.
US to supply Israel with its latest military aircraft within two years:
The deal was negotiated between Hagel and Israeli defence minister Moshe Ya'alon during the former's last visit to Israel. According to Israeli newspaper Yedioth Ahronoth, the estimated cost of one V-22 Osprey is $69 million.
Israel to drill for oil in the occupied West Bank:
A large reserve may lie under Israel and the occupied territories, but Palestinians are unlikely to reap the benefits.
Official: Israel to demolish homes of over 15,000 Palestinians: -
Municipality officers escorted by Israeli soldiers issued demolition warrants for thousands of Palestinian homes in the East Jerusalem neighborhoods of Ras Khamis and Ras Shahada on Thursday, a local Palestinian official said.
South African minister: 'The Palestinian struggle is our struggle':
The struggle of the people of Palestine is our struggle" and South Africa has decided to "slow down" and "curtail senior leadership contact" with the Israeli "regime," South Africa's International Relations Minister Maite Nkoana-Mashabane said on Friday. Already, she said, South Africa's government ministers do not visit Israel.
30 suspected al-Shabaab militants killed in Kenyan-Somali operation:
Thirty suspected members of the Islamist militia al-Shabaab were killed Saturday by Kenyan and Somali soldiers on the Somali side of the border between the two countries, the Kenya Defense Force said.
Nigeria: 30 killed in fresh Adamawa ambush:
A bridegroom, family members and friends were said to be among 30 persons killed yesterday in an attack by insurgents believed to be members of Boko Haram in Michika local government area of Adamawa State.
Two French journalists killed in Mali town of Kidal:
Two French journalists have been killed after they were kidnapped in the northern Mali town of Kidal, France's foreign ministry has confirmed.
Kerry says Egypt 'vital partner' of US:
"We are committed to work and we will continue our cooperation with the interim government," Kerry told reporters in a joint news conference on Sunday, calling for "inclusive, free and fair elections."
Egypt army chief seeks immunity for military:
Abdel Fattah el-Sisi in leaked audios says army should have immunity under new constitution.
Morsi from jail: Our troubles serve Israeli interests:
Al-Watan releases first photos allegedly documenting ousted President Mohamed Morsi in jail.
Was ISRAEL behind the hacking of millions of French phones and NOT the U.S.?
 Extraordinary twist in spying saga revealed: In the latest extraordinary twist in the global eavesdropping scandal, Israeli agents are said to have intercepted more than 70 million calls and text messages a month. Up until now the French have been blaming the U.S., even summoning the country's Paris ambassador to provide an explanation.
UK: says Greenwald's partner involved in 'terrorism', carrying Snowden docs:
 British law enforcement said in official documents that the domestic partner of reporter Glenn Greenwald was involved in espionage and terrorism when he tried to carry documents from former NSA contractor Edward Snowden through a London airport in August.
Metropolitan police detained David Miranda for promoting 'political' causes:
Justification for airport detention of partner of Guardian journalist Glenn Greenwald alarms human rights groups and Tory MP
Give Snowden asylum, Germans urge:
Writing in Der Spiegel, more than 50 high-profile Germans add to increasing calls for Berlin to welcome NSA whistleblower
GCHQ and European spy agencies worked together on mass surveillance:
The German, French, Spanish and Swedish intelligence services have all developed methods of mass surveillance of internet and phone traffic over the past five years in close partnership with Britain's GCHQ eavesdropping agency.
Australia and US spied on Indonesia during UN summit - report:
Australia and the US worked side by side on a large-scale joint surveillance operation on Indonesia, during the 2007 UN climate change conference in Bali, a new report from the NSA leaker, Edward Snowden, has revealed.
Brazil and Germany draft anti-spy resolution at UN:
The draft calls for an end to excessive electronic surveillance, noting that the illegal collection of personal data "constitutes a highly intrusive act".
NSA surveillance may cause breakup of internet, warn experts:
Internet specialists highlight moves by Brazil, Germany and India towards creating separate networks in order to block spying
Snowden document reveals key role of companies in NSA data collection:
NSA leverages relationships with commercial partners to collect vast quantities of data from fibre-optic cables, file shows
NSA Files Decoded:
What the revelations mean for you.
IPCC Leaked Report Warns of Food Shortage in the Next Decades:
A 29-page leaked report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) revealed that food shortage may be another issue humans have to face in the next decades. This is another threat brought by climate change.
Noam Chomsky slams Canada's shale gas energy plans:
Exploitation of Canada's tar sands and shale gas will have dire consequences for the environment, says Chomsky
Venezuela Siezes Houston Company Oil Rigs :
The seizure started Thursday after a judge in the state of Anzoategui entered a Superior depot and ordered the company to hand over the rigs to an affiliate of state-owned PDVSA. Four members of the local police and national guard are overseeing the equipment's removal.
Shoppers' faces to be scanned in advertising push at Tesco petrol stations across the UK:
The faces of millions of shoppers are to be scanned at tills across the UK in a new way of targeting adverts at specific groups of customers.
The secrets of the world's happiest cities:
As much as we complain about other people, there is nothing worse for mental health than a social desert. The more connected we are to family and community, the less likely we are to experience heart attacks, strokes, cancer and depression. Connected people sleep better at night. They live longer. They consistently report being happier.
Graphic court video shows prison guards deploying pepper spray on mentally ill inmate: Video -
"People in California should see for themselves the excessive for used on seriously mentally ill patients and be able to measure the impact it has on their sense of humanity."
Try living on food stamps this month: Can you feed yourself on $4.50 a day? -
That's the typical daily benefit for someone who gets food stamps. Millions of low-income Americans are dependent on the program
Gallup: US No Longer Seen as Land of Opportunity:
Fewer Americans see the United States as the having "plenty of opportunity" to get ahead, a new Gallup poll reveals.

Other Key Articles From Around the Web



poll-sci class today:  Jacobin constitution, French Revolt, Marat. from wikipeed.

Once in Paris, the club underwent rapid modifications. The first great change was its extension of membership to others besides deputies. All citizens were allowed to enter and even foreigners were welcomed: the English writer Arthur Young joined the club in this manner on 18 January 1790. Jacobin Club meetings soon became a place for radical and rousing oratory that pushed for republicanism, widespread education, universal suffrage, separation of church and state, and other reforms. On 8 February 1790 the society became formally constituted on this broader basis by the adoption of the rules drawn up by Barnave, which were issued with the signature of the duc d'Aiguillon, the president. The club's objectives were defined as:



 1.  to discuss in advance questions to be decided by the National Assembly;

 2.  to work for the establishment and strengthening of the constitution in accordance with the spirit of the preamble (that is, of respect for legally constituted authority and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen);

 3. constituted authority and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen); and
    to correspond with other societies of the same kind which should be formed in the realm.


At the same time the rules of order and forms of election were settled, and the constitution of the club determined. There were to be a president, elected every month, four secretaries, a treasurer, and committees elected to superintend elections and presentations, the correspondence, and the administration of the club. Any member who by word or action showed that his principles were contrary to the constitution and the rights of man was to be expelled, a rule which later on facilitated the "purification" of the society by the expulsion of its more moderate elements. By the 7th article the club decided to admit as associates similar societies in other parts of France and to maintain with them a regular correspondence. This last provision was of far-reaching importance. By 10 August 1790 there were already one hundred and fifty-two affiliated clubs; the attempts at counter-revolution led to a great increase of their number in the spring of 1791, and by the close of the year the Jacobins had a network of branches all over France. It was this widespread yet highly centralised organization that gave to the Jacobin Club its formidable power.


Political influence

The Jacobin movement encouraged sentiments of patriotism and liberty amongst the populace. The movement's contemporaries, such as the King Louis #16, located the effectiveness of the revolutionary movement not "in the force and bayonets of soldiers, guns, cannons and shells but by the marks of political power" (Schama; 1989; 279). Ultimately, the Jacobins were to control several key political bodies, in particular the Committee of Public Safety and, through it, the National Convention, which was not only a legislature but also took upon itself executive and judicial functions. The Jacobins as a political force were seen as "less selfish, more patriotic, and more sympathetic to the Paris Populace" (Bosher; 1989; 186). This gave them a position of charismatic authority that was effective in generating and harnessing public pressure, generating and satisfying sans-culotte pleas for personal freedom and social progress.

The Jacobin Club developed into a bureau for French Republicanism and revolutionary purity, and abandoned its original laissez faire economic views in favor of interventionism. In power, they completed the abolition of feudalism that had been formally decided 4 August 1789, but had been held in check by a clause requiring compensation for the abrogation of the feudal privileges.

Maximilien Robespierre entered the political arena at the very beginning of the Revolution, having been elected to represent Artois at the Estates General. Robespierre was viewed as the quintessential political force of the Jacobin Movement, thrusting ever deeper the dagger of liberty within the despotism of the Monarchy. As a disciple of Rousseau, Robespierre's political views were rooted in Rousseau's notion of the social contract, which promoted "the rights of man" (Schama; 1989; 475).

Robespierre particularly favored the rights of the broader population to eat, for example, over the rights of individual merchants. "I denounce the assassins of the people to you and you respond, 'let them act as they will.' In such a system, all is against society; all favors the grain merchants."

Robespierre famously elaborated this conception in his speech on 2 December 1792:
"What is the first goal of society? To maintain the imprescribable rights of man. What is the first of these rights?" 

 "The right to exist."

The ultimate political vehicle for the Jacobin movement was the Reign of Terror overseen by the Committee of Public Safety, who were given executive powers to purify and unify the Republic. The Committee instituted requisitioning, rationing, and conscription to consolidate new citizen armies. They instituted the Terror as a means of combating those they perceived as enemies within: Robespierre declared, "the first maxim of your policy ought to be to lead the people by reason and the people's enemies by terror.".

After the March on Versailles in October 1789, the club, still entirely composed of deputies, followed the National Constituent Assembly to Paris, where it rented the refectory of the monastery of the Jacobins in the Rue Saint-Honoré, adjacent to the seat of the Assembly. The name "Jacobins", given in France to the Dominicans (because their first house in Paris was in the Rue St Jacques), was first applied to the club in ridicule by its enemies. The title assumed by the club itself, after the promulgation of the constitution of 1791, was Société des amis de la constitution séants aux Jacobins à Paris, which was changed on 21 September 1792, after the fall of the monarchy, to Société des Jacobins, amis de la liberté et de l'égalité (Society of Jacobins, friends of liberty and equality). It occupied successively the refectory, the library, and the chapel of the monastery.[citation needed]

Committee of discussion

Lettre anglaise (English Letter) dated 29 June 1793 as published by the French National convention during the Revolution (1793). This document was used to prove English spying and conspiracy.

On 5 April 1793, the French military commander and former minister of war General Charles François Dumouriez defected to Austria, following the publication of an incendiary letter in which he threatened to march his army on the city of Paris if the National Convention did not accede to his leadership. News of his defection caused alarm in Paris, where imminent defeat by the Austrians and their allies was feared. A widespread belief held that revolutionary France was in immediate peril, threatened not only by foreign armies and by recent anti-revolutionary revolts in the Vendée, but also by foreign agents who plotted the destruction of the nation from within.

The betrayal of the revolutionary government by Dumouriez lent greater credence to this belief. In light of this threat, the Girondin leader Maximin Isnard proposed the creation of a nine-member Committee of Public Safety. Isnard was supported in this effort by Georges Danton, who declared, "This Committee is precisely what we want, a hand to grasp the weapon of the Revolutionary Tribunal."


marat
Around 1770, Marat moved to Newcastle upon Tyne, possibly gaining employment as a veterinarian. His first political work Chains of Slavery, inspired by the activities of the MP and Mayor John Wilkes, was most probably compiled in the central library here. By Marat's own colourful account, he lived on black coffee for three months, during its composition, sleeping only two hours a night – and then slept soundly for thirteen days in a row. He gave it the subtitle, "A work in which the clandestine and villainous attempts of Princes to ruin Liberty are pointed out, and the dreadful scenes of Despotism disclosed". It earned him honorary membership of the patriotic societies of Berwick, Carlisle and Newcastle. The Newcastle Literary and Philosophical Society Library possesses a copy, and Tyne and Wear Archives Service holds three presented to the various Newcastle guilds.

Around 1770, Marat moved to Newcastle upon Tyne, possibly gaining employment as a veterinarian. His first political work Chains of Slavery, inspired by the activities of the MP and Mayor John Wilkes, was most probably compiled in the central library here. By Marat's own colourful account, he lived on black coffee for three months, during its composition, sleeping only two hours a night – and then slept soundly for thirteen days in a row. He gave it the subtitle, "A work in which the clandestine and villainous attempts of Princes to ruin Liberty are pointed out, and the dreadful scenes of Despotism disclosed". It earned him honorary membership of the patriotic societies of Berwick, Carlisle and Newcastle. The Newcastle Literary and Philosophical Society Library possesses a copy, and Tyne and Wear Archives Service holds three presented to the various Newcastle guilds.

A published essay on curing a friend of gleets (gonorrhea) probably helped him to secure his referees for an MD from the University of St Andrews in June 1775. On his return to London, he further enhanced his reputation with the publication of an Enquiry into the Nature, Cause, and Cure of a Singular Disease of the Eyes.


Marat was soon in great demand as a court doctor among the aristocracy and he used his new-found wealth to set up a laboratory in the marquise de l'Aubespine's (thought by some to be his mistress) house. Soon he was publishing works on fire & heat, electricity and light. In his Mémoires, his later enemy Brissot admitted Marat's growing influence in Parisian scientific circles. When Marat presented his scientific researches to the Académie des Sciences, they were not approved for official publication. In particular, the Academicians were appalled by his temerity in disagreeing with (the hitherto uncriticized) Newton. Benjamin Franklin visited him on several occasions and Goethe described his rejection by the Academy as a glaring example of scientific despotism. In 1780, Marat published his "favourite work", a Plan de législation criminelle. Inspired by Rousseau and Beccaria, a polemic for judicial reform, entered into a competition organised by the Berne Academy, argued for a common death penalty for all regardless of social class and the need for a twelve-man jury to ensure fair trials.

In April 1786, he resigned his court appointment and devoted his energies full-time to scientific research. He published a well-received translation of Newton's Opticks (1787), which was still in print until recently, and later a collection of essays on his experimental findings, including a study on the effect of light on soap bubbles in his Mémoires académiques, ou nouvelles découvertes sur la lumière ("Academic memoirs, or new discoveries on light", 1788).

Many of his references to slavery illustrate the curious links between the use of the language of slavery in a metaphorical sense (to be "slave" to a king) and the triangular trade (chattel slavery). As a tutor to the Nairac family in the leading slave port of Bordeaux, he may have witnessed aspects of the trade. Monsieur Nairac was a leading slave merchant and later an ennobled member of the National Assembly. Soon after the uprisings in the Caribbean island and sugar colony of St Domingue (later Haiti after its revolution), he wrote in 1792 that those in St Domingue are "a separate people" from France. He cited the new constitution (of 1791), "The basis of all free government is that no people can be legally subject to another people..." (from "The Friend of the People" 1792. See the excerpt in Dubois & Garrigus, editors, "Slave Revolution in the Caribbean, 1789-1804", p 111-112).

On 21 January 1793, Louis XVI was guillotined, which caused political turmoil. From January to May, Marat fought bitterly with the Girondins, whom he believed to be covert enemies of republicanism. Marat’s hatred of the Girondins became increasingly heated which led him to call for the use of violent tactics against them. The Girondins fought back and demanded that Marat be tried before the Revolutionary Tribunal. After attempting to avoid arrest for several days Marat was finally imprisoned. On 24 April, he was brought before the Tribunal on the charges that he had printed in his paper statements calling for widespread murder as well as the suspension of the Convention. Marat decisively defended his actions, stating that he had no evil intentions directed against the Convention. Marat was acquitted of all charges to the riotous celebrations of his supporters.

committee of public safety.....Execution of the Hébertists and Dantonists

On 5 December 1793, journalist Camille Desmoulins began publishing Le Vieux Cordelier, a newspaper initially aimed – with the approval of Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety

 – at the ultra-revolutionary Hébertist faction, whose extremist demands, anti-religious fervor, and propensity for sudden insurrections were problematic for the Committee. However, Desmoulins quickly turned his pen against the Committee of Public Safety and the Committee of General Security, comparing their reign to that of the Roman tyrants chronicled by Tacitus, and expounding the "indulgent" views of the Dantonist faction.

Consequently, though the Hébertists were arrested and executed in March 1794, the Committee of Public Safety and the Committee of General Security ensured that Desmoulins and Danton were also arrested. Hérault de Séchelles – a friend and ally of Danton – was expelled from the Committee of Public Safety, arrested, and tried alongside them. On 5 April 1794, the Dantonists went to the guillotine.

 more Marat

Marat was elected to the National Convention in September 1792 as one of 26 Paris deputies although he belonged to no party. When France was declared a Republic on 22 September, Marat renamed his L'Ami du peuple as Le Journal de la République française ("Journal of the French Republic"). His stance during the trial of the deposed king Louis XVI was unique. He declared it unfair to accuse Louis for anything before his acceptance of the French Constitution of 1791, and, although implacably believing that the monarch's death would be good for the people, defended Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes, the King's counsel, as a "sage et respectable vieillard" ("wise and respected old man").

On 21 January 1793, Louis #16 was guillotined, which caused political turmoil. From January to May, Marat fought bitterly with the Girondins, whom he believed to be covert enemies of republicanism. Marat’s hatred of the Girondins became increasingly heated which led him to call for the use of violent tactics against them. The Girondins fought back and demanded that Marat be tried before the Revolutionary Tribunal. After attempting to avoid arrest for several days Marat was finally imprisoned. On 24 April, he was brought before the Tribunal on the charges that he had printed in his paper statements calling for widespread murder as well as the suspension of the Convention. Marat decisively defended his actions, stating that he had no evil intentions directed against the Convention. Marat was acquitted of all charges to the riotous celebrations of his supporters.





Memory in the Revolution
The Death of Marat by Jacques-Louis David (1793)

Marat's assassination led to his apotheosis. The painter Jacques-Louis David, a member of one of the two "Great Committees" (the Committee of General Security), was asked to organize a grand funeral. 

David took up the task of immortalizing Marat in the painting The Death of Marat, beautifying the skin that was discoloured and scabbed from his chronic skin disease in an attempt to create antique virtue. David, as a result of this work, has since been criticized as glorifying the Jacobin's death. The entire National Convention attended Marat's funeral and he was buried under a weeping willow, in the garden of the former Club des Cordeliers (former Couvent des Cordeliers).

 After Marat’s death, he was viewed by many as a martyr for the revolution, and was immortalized in various ways in order to preserve the values he stood for. His heart was embalmed separately and placed in an urn in an altar erected to his memory at the Cordeliers in order to inspire speeches that were similar in style to Marat’s eloquent journalistic skills. On his tomb, the inscription on a plaque read:

 "Unité, Indivisibilité de la République, Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité ou la mort"


 "Einheit, Unteilbarkeit der Republik, Freiheit, Gleichheit, Brüderlichkeit oder Tod"
 "Единство, неделимость Республики, Свобода, Равенство, Братство или Смерть"

 
 His remains were transferred to the Panthéon on 25 November 1793 and his near messianic role in the Revolution was confirmed with the elegy: Like Jesus, Marat loved ardently the people, and only them. Like Jesus, Marat hated kings, nobles, priests, rogues and, like Jesus, he never stopped fighting against these plagues of the people.

 The eulogy was given by the Marquis de Sade,(irony here) delegate of the Section Piques and an ally of Marat's faction in the National Convention (there is evidence to suggest that shortly before his death Marat had fallen out with de Sade and was arranging for him to be arrested). By this stage de Sade was becoming appalled with the excesses of the Reign of Terror and was later removed from office and imprisoned for "moderatism" (?) on the fifth of December.

On 19 November, the port city of Le Havre-de-Grâce changed its name to Le Havre-de-Marat and then Le Havre-Marat. When the Jacobins started their dechristianisation campaign to set up the Cult of Reason of Hébert and Chaumette and Cult of the Supreme Being of Robespierre, Marat was made a quasi-saint (again wtf ?), and his bust often replaced crucifixes in the former churches of Paris.

By early 1795, Marat's memory had become tarnished. On 13 January 1795, Le Havre-Marat became simply Le Havre, the name it bears today. In February, his coffin was removed from the Panthéon and his busts and sculptures were destroyed. His final resting place is the cemetery of the church of Saint-Étienne-du-Mont.

His memory lived on in the Soviet Union. Marat became a common name and the Russian battleship Petropavlovsk (Russian: Петропавловск) was renamed Marat in 1921. A street in the centre of Sevastopol was named after Marat (Russian: Улица Марата) on 3 January 1921, shortly after the Soviets took over the city.


i do not think his skin disease was organic.........today more folks are interested in his bathtub than his political thought,  pity.   His 'skin disease' (herpes is speculation) is unclear,  since he was a dr. and there where/are tx's for such conditions, i have been working on this last assigned book report since high-school maybe I created a few wiki post on the subject?

.............still haven't finished the report after 40 years.......think he will accept the work dead? 

...................keep fighting the good fight, with your minds as weapons!!......................
.................................................................kosmicdebris..........................




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